A stepping-stone to developing bioinformatics in Pakistan
Manzoor et al. (2017) EMBnet.journal 22, e891 http://dx.doi.org/10.14806/ej.23.0.891
Received 15 March 2017; Published 11 May 2017
Introduction
Bioinformatics employs a wide range of ‘informatics’ techniques to analyse and extract information associated with large-scale biological data. In silico tools and methods have been pivotal for DNA and protein analysis, including those for sequence translation and alignment, gene finding, gene annotation, protein structure prediction and phylogenetic reconstruction. Advances in computational and molecular biology research, and application of high-throughput next-generation sequencing technologies in areas such as genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics, has taken bioinformatics to an even higher level (Cole et al., 2014); (Wang and Zhang, 2013). Academic groups, research consortia and industries worldwide are intensively using bioinformatics as a tool to address life science related questions. This field of study is relatively new in Pakistan: it was introduced in 2002, when Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, now Capital University of Science and Technology (CUST), took the initiative and started an undergraduate degree programme in bioinformatics for the first time. Later, a similar programme was introduced by the COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), another renowned university in Pakistan and member of EMBnet since 2006. HEC and the aforementioned universities played a vital role in developing and promoting awareness of bioinformatics, and the importance of education and training in this field, among scientific communities in Pakistan. Consequently, several universities launched similar programmes at both graduate and postgraduate levels.
Importance of bioinformatics in Pakistan
Bioinformatics cannot be overlooked in a country like Pakistan because of its unique genetic resources, in terms of human population and biodiversity of crops and animal species. Pakistan produces a large variety of agricultural products, such as cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruit and vegetables, in addition to cattle and poultry. Furthermore, its geographical features, and the presence of various ethnicities with familial and social characteristics in a population of over 200 million, is a valuable resource for the study of genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, intellectual disability, psoriasis, schizophrenia, deafness, Alzheimer’s disease, albinism and epilepsy.
Bioinformatics is widely practiced within the pharmaceutical industry in the development of health-care products, and also in agriculture and environmental protection (Lyall, 1996); (Xue and Zhao, 2008). The growth of the pharmaceutical industry demands advanced tools and methods for the discovery of drug targets (Fagan and Swindells, 2000), for drug design (Kelly and Clark, 2003) and for the identification of new disease markers to improve early diagnosis and develop new therapeutic strategies. Pakistan is aiming to raise its research standards in agricultural, biotechnological and biomedical sectors by exploiting bioinformatics approaches in many life-science domains.
A step forward to improve bioinformatics in Pakistan
To meet the demand for bioinformatics-oriented research and education in Pakistan, a key step was taken by the HEC through the approval of an “Overseas scholarship for MS/MPhil leading to PhD in bioinformatics” programme in 2006. The HEC offered 50 scholarships in bioinformatics (Ilyas and Sadique, 2011), aiming to create a critical mass of highly qualified researchers. The inclusion of this specialised human resource in bioinformatics in major research organisations and institutes aimed to boost research activities of Pakistan, and to allow the development of new projects with great economic returns. To this end, a collaboration was established with our Swedish colleagues during the EMBnet Annual General Meeting in Torremolinos (ES) (Rahman and Chohan, 2010). Scholarships were assigned to talented graduate students in selected fields of science. Applicants were shortlisted and called for interview after a graduate-assessment test. In 2008, an expert panel (comprising Erik Bongcam-Rudloff, Shahid Nadeem Chohan, Raheel Qamar and a representative from the HEC) nominated 10 candidates for higher studies at SLU. This was the first time (2009) that SLU had set up a bioinformatics MSc course with students selected in this way. All students started PhD programmes after completing their MSc studies. These scholars were awarded PhD degrees after successful public defence of their doctoral theses; the research topics of these theses are listed in Table 1.
Table 1. List of PhD theses under the programme.
Title of the project | Main Supervisor | Co Supervisor(s) |
Bioinformatics screening for candidate mutations underlying phenotypic traits in domestic animals. ISBN 978-91-576-8132-4 | Prof. Göran Andersson | Prof. Leif Andersson, Prof. Kerstin Lindblad-Toh, Prof. Erik Bongcam-Rudloff |
Bioinformatics analysis of bacterial pathogens from East African camels. ISBN 978-91-576-8242-0 | Prof. Erik Bongcam-Rudloff | Dr. Etienne de Villiers & Dr. Richard Bishop (Kenya) |
Computational and comparative investigations of syntrophic acetate-oxidising bacteria (SAOB). ISBN 978-91-576-8060-0 | Prof. Erik Bongcam-Rudloff | Prof. Anna Schnürer, Dr. Bettina Müller |
Bioinformatics studies on the mechanisms of gene regulation in vertebrates. ISBN 978-91-576-8112-6 | Prof. Göran Andersson | Prof. Leif Andersson |
In silico analysis of Treponema and Brachyspira genomes. ISBN 978-91-576-8240-6 | Prof. Erik Bongcam-Rudloff | Dr. Anna Rosander, Dr. Desiree Jansson |
Mapping and functional characterisation of candidate genes and mutations for chicken growth. ISBN 978-91-576-8046-4 | Prof. Örjan Carlborg | Dr. Stefan Marklund, Dr. Anna Johansson |
Genome-wide analyses of Bacillus amyloliquefaciense strains provide insights into their beneficial role on plants. ISBN 978-91-576-8080-8 | Prof. Erik Bongcam-Rudloff | Prof. Johan Meijer, Dr. Sarosh Bejai |
Bioinformatics analysis of whole genome sequencing data. ISBN 978-91-576-8064-8 | Prof. Leif Andersson | Prof. Lars Rönnegård, Prof. Erik Bongcam-Rudloff |
Towards High-Throughput Phenotypic and Systemic Profiling of in vitro Growing Cell Populations using Label-Free Microscopy and Spectroscopy: Applications in Cancer Pharmacology. ISBN: 978-91-554-9082-9 | Prof. Mats Gustafsson | Dr. Mårten Fryknäs, Dr. Ulf Hammerling |
Integrated Computational and Experimental Approaches for Accelerated Drug Combination Discovery and Development: Applications in Cancer Pharmacology. ISBN: 978-91-554-9177-2 | Prof. Mats Gustafsson | Prof. Rolf Larsson, Dr. Claes Andersson |
The scholars also published more than 40 research articles in peer-reviewed journals during their PhD programmes (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Number of articles published by scholars of the programme.
Table 2. Institutes offering education programmes in bioinformatics in Pakistan.
Sr.# | Institute | City | Programme |
1 | Baqai Medical University | Karachi | BS |
2 | Capital University of Science and Technology | Islamabad | BS/MS |
3 | Comsats Institute of Information Technology | Islamabad | BS/MS |
4 | Comsats Institute of Information Technology | Sahiwal | BS |
5 | Federal Institute of Health Sciences | Lahore | BS |
6 | Forman Christian College | Lahore | BS |
7 | Government College University | Faisalabad | BS/MS |
8 | Government Postgraduate College Mandian | Abbottabad | BS |
9 | Hazara University | Mansehra | BS/MS |
10 | International Islamic University | Islamabad | BS/MS |
11 | Khushal Khan Khattak University | Karak | BS |
12 | National University of Sciences and Technology | Islamabad | MS |
13 | Qarshi University | Lahore | BS |
14 | Quaid-e-azam University | Islamabad | BS/MPhil/PhD |
15 | Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University | Peshawar | BS/MPhil |
16 | Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology | Karachi | BS |
17 | The Superior University | Lahore | BS |
18 | University of Agriculture | Faisalabad | BS |
19 | University of Sindh | Jamshoro | MPhil |
20 | Virtual University of Pakistan | Lahore | BS/MS |
Conclusions
This joint venture between Pakistan’s HEC and SLU (SE) was a stepping-stone to expand the scope of bioinformatics in educational and research centres in Pakistan. In addition, it provided important international networking opportunities within the field. Similar efforts in the future will allow Pakistan to augment the pool of skilled bioinformaticians to meet its challenging needs in different research fields. The Masters and PhD programmes developed via this initiative are also being used as a model for bioinformatics education in several countries in Asia and Africa.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Higher Education Commission in Pakistan, by the University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, and by the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) in Sweden. We are grateful to the leadership at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, SLU (SE) for their great support. We also wish to express our gratitude to Nils-Einar Eriksson (UU), for his support and advice. The successful completion of all PhD theses would not have been possible without the commitment of all the main- and co-supervisors at SLU and Uppsala University.
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